Tuesday, June 30, 2009
Thursday, June 18, 2009
查字典有了新规则
■释疑 为何要规范部首?
汉字历史悠久,编部首的最初目的就是为了查字。李宇明介绍,东汉时期文字学家许慎在《说文解字》里首创540部。随着汉字的发展演变,字义和字形也逐渐发 生了变化,于是部首也有各种各样的变化。清代《康熙字典》是214部,《新华字典》第9版之前是189部……这给教育、辞典编纂和信息检索都带来一些困 难。在汉字部首归部方面,我们也一直没有统一的标准,在汉字信息处理、辞书编纂等方面产生许多不便。所以,社会发展和文化传承要求我们根据汉字的现状来统 一部首。 统一以后的规范标准可为教师、信息教育产品的研发人员提供知识和规范。
■实例 今后如何查部首?
汉字的归部原则是按照字形和字义的双重特点来进行的。我们拿到一个字,首先从左边和上边看哪个能成为部首。比如“文质彬彬”的“彬”,一看是“木”字旁, 那就到“木”部去查;再比如“闻”,一看外部是“门”,就不要到“耳”那儿查。如果左边和上边都不是部首,那就取右边或下边,如“颖”就取“页”部首, “染”就取“木”做部首。 如果几个部首叠合,比如江西的简称“赣”,在左边取部的时候,可能有一点、一横,或者一个“立”,一个“音”,这时就取复杂的部首归部,所以“赣”字归入“音”部。 再从字义上讲,比如“文章”的“章”,并非我们常说的“立”、“早”,而应该是“音”、“十”,即多篇音乐成为“章”。还比如“兵”,应该是“斤”加上一横、一撇、一点,而不是“丘”、“八”。这次部首归部实际上就是要解决很多乱拆汉字的问题。
■追访 辞书将使用新部首规范
各主要辞书出版社均表示新版字词典将依据国标启用新的部首检字法。人民教育出版社和商务印书馆等主要出版《新华字典》、《现代汉语词典》的出版社表示,将逐步调整目前的辞书部首检字方式。今后出版的辞书,将依据新颁布的部首规范进行调整和编排。
链接 偏旁和部首
●偏旁:就是组成合体字的各个部分,用来提高识字能力。
●部首:许多字都有共同的偏旁,这些相同的偏旁就是部首,用作查字典的依据。 ●偏旁和部首不是一回事,但有一定的关系。部首和偏旁的关系是:部首也是偏旁,偏旁不一定是部首。偏旁的数量比部首多。
Monday, June 15, 2009
Immer "Nein"
Thursday, June 4, 2009
Appreciation
Close reading
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In literary criticism, close reading describes the careful, sustained interpretation of a brief passage of text. Such a reading places great emphasis on the particular over the general, paying close attention to individual words, syntax, and the order in which sentences and ideas unfold as they are read.
The technique as practiced today was pioneered (at least in English) by I.A. Richards and his student William Empson, later developed further by the New Critics of the mid-twentieth century. It is now a fundamental method of modern criticism.
Close reading is sometimes called explication de texte, which is the name for the similar tradition of textual interpretation in French literary study, a technique whose chief proponent was Gustave Lanson.
A truly attentive close reading of a two-hundred-word poem might be thousands of words long without exhausting the possibilities for observation and insight. To take an even more extreme example, Jacques Derrida's essay Ulysses Gramophone, which J. Hillis Miller describes as a "hyperbolic, extravagant… explosion" of the technique of close reading, devotes more than eighty pages to an interpretation of the word "yes" in James Joyce's great modernist novel Ulysses[citation needed].
Literary close reading and commentaries have extensive precedent in the exegesis of religious texts. For example, Pazand, a genre of middle Persian literature, refers to the Zend (literally: 'commentary'/'translation') texts that offer explanation and close reading of the Avesta, the sacred texts of Zoroastrianism. The scriptural commentaries of the Talmud offer a commonly cited early predecessor to close reading. In Islamic studies, the close reading of the Koran has flourished and produced an immense corpus. But the closest religious analogy to contemporary literary close reading, and the principal historical connection with its birth, is the rise of the higher criticism, and the evolution of textual criticism of the Bible in Germany in the late eighteenth century.
Wednesday, June 3, 2009
伤
写了这么一堆废话,是因为今天要开始写新的文学论文,于是就把旧的作业拿出来参考,看看自己曾经犯过怎样的错误从而避免。就读到两位研究英国文学的德国老师的评论,在我的论文上圈圈叉叉一堆,问号更是不老少,除了说他们读不懂,就是说我引用不清楚。记得从他们那里领论文的时候,我还是非常惭愧的,可是鉴于他们给的低分,我回来就再没仔细看过他们的评论,今儿仔细一看,不禁七窍生烟:我的文章里有引用作者本人在接受采访时录下的文字,我当时采用了直接引用的方式,即引用文字另起小段,那老师可好,居然把这段文字从前到后修改了一遍,在旁边注明:awkward English。更有意思的是,在我表述自己的文字旁,他们居然管我要reference,神啊,我自己写的话,又没有发表,我上哪里去给他们找reference呢?读完两篇被修改得面目全非的论文,我真是觉得心在滴血,我承认我的语言尚不完善,甚至没能迎合英式拼写方式而用了美式拼法,但是老师们看似负责的修改建议,其实只有一个意思,即:蔑视、藐视,我就是看不起你!
我不想说这是英国人、美国人和德国人的区别,因为系里同样研究美国文学的德国老师也很友善,显然这和英国研究还是美国研究也没有关系,因为从英国文化成长起来的英国老师和爱尔兰老师也是诲人不倦的,我知道,这只是个体差异。但,由此可见,老师对学生的影响可以多么深,说真的,即使我真的在文学评论领域有天赋,受上述两位老师的“恩赐”,怕是也不会有什么造诣了……